One way chemists describe matter is to assign different kinds of properties to different categories. A workbook is a symbiosis of a brief description of physical fundamentals of rock properties based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models with a guide for practical use of different theoretical concepts. Pdf determination of rock elastic properties from acoustic. The study of the elastic properties of carbonate rocks on. Nuclear magnetic resonance petrophysical properties 3. Extracting bulk rock properties from microscale measurements. Cores can be full diameter cores that is, they are nearly as large in diameter as the drill bit taken at the time of drilling, or sidewall cores, generally less than 1 inch 2. Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity, density, absorption and related properties notes i mechanical significance of porosity and density data the presence of pores in the fabric of a rock material. This result highlights the importance of performing rock physics measurements under in situ confining stress and demonstrates the advantages of the methodology for investigating anisotropy. Full diameter core left and core plugs right cut for laboratory measurements. Chapter 4 engineering classification of rock materials. The rock properties of porosity, permeability, and compressibility, which are all dependent on solid grainparticle arrangements and packing.
A reservoir rock is a rock providing a condition to trap oil in porous media. The principal textural characteristics of rocks are grain size, grain shape, grain. Evaluation of mechanical rock properties using a schmidt. The influence of rock anisotropy on stress measurements by.
Crains petrophysical handbook calculating mechanical. Rock strength properties and their measurement 373 figure 142 shows a slope cut in a strong but closely jointed columnar basalt containing a subhorizontal joint set and numerous vertical joints. One reason that insitu chargeabilities tend to appear lower than laboratory values is that large volumes of mixed materials are involved in field measurements. Determination of rock elastic properties from acoustic measurements of rock fragments.
Rock properties are the measurable properties of rocks that are a measure of its ability to store and transport fluids, ionic species, and heat. These include storage and flow properties porosity, permeability and fractional. Pore scale modeling of rock properties and comparison to. It is anticipated that values of these thermal properties of rocks and minerals will be useful for radioactive waste management, heat flow studies, and geothermal resource appraisals, and other thermal problems in the earth. Measure of rock mechanical properties from scratching test. Advanced techniques for determining thermal properties on rock. Elastic wave velocities are obtained from rock cylinders in which delay times are measured using a pulse transmission technique.
Pdf accurate information on thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity of materials is of central importance in relation to geoscience and. The phrases mechanical properties and elastic constants are used interchangeably in the literature during production. Physical properties the physical properties of aggregates are those that refer to the physical structure of the particles that make up the aggregate. This information is mainly used in the interpretation of well logs. Resistivity measurements of fluidsaturated rocks exp. Zonge lab services measure electrical resistivity, induced polarization, density, magnetic susceptibility and. The water in these zones will have been reduced to some irreducible minimum. Measurements of dynamic properties of rock at high temperatures and pressures have many applications to geology and solid earth geophysics. These permeabilities depend upon the rock properties, but also on the saturations, distributions, and properties of each of the fluids. Limitation of laboratory measurements in evaluating rock. The reservoir rock contains pores and throats, creating flow path and an accumulating system for hydrocarbon and also consist of a sealing mechanism for prohibiting hydrocarbon penetration to. Thermal properties measurements in rock and concrete meter. Noiuish rock strength properties amd their measurement.
The lecture notes section contains topics and lecture notes files listed according to the weeks. Classification of mineral size from a guide to core logging for rock engineering, 1976, 15 p. If the rock contains one fluid, the rock permeability is maximum, and this value is called the. Determination of thermal conductivity and porosity of. The influence of rock anisotropy on stress measurements by overcoring techniques. Properties location of rock in the elasticproperty plane. Physical and hydrologic properties of rock outcrop samples at yucca mountain, nevada by lorraine e. Laboratory measurements of electrical properties of rocks. The material of which a petroleum reservoir rock may be composed can range from very loose and unconsolidated sand to a very hard and dense sandstone, limestone, or dolomite. Intrinsic properties relate to the quality of the used armour rock. Rock strength properties and their measurement 375 intact, weak rock fractured 4 strong rock njl i fracture ll fracture cohesion effective normal stress, a is related to the grain size and is generally low in.
The specific focus of this chapter is aimed to define and discuss the most important petrophysical properties of reservoir rocks, to describe the experimental methods and. Laser ultrasonic measurements to estimate the elastic. The study of the elastic properties of carbonate rocks on a. Since the size or arrangement of the individual minerals can affect the physical properties of the rock such as permeability or angle of internal friction, it is necessary to describe them so that their engineer log significance can be assessed. Typical values for rocks electromagnetic geophysics. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Absorption, porosity, and permeability the internal pore characteristics are very important properties of aggregates. In this paper all important results on laboratory measurements of electrical properties of rocks and minerals for the last four years are presented. Because the joint sets are discontinuous, no single joint controls the stability of the slope.
Chapter 6 engineering properties of soil and rock nysdot geotechnical page 67 june 17, 20 design manual 6. A medium is anisotropic if its properties vary with direction. In the example in figure 31, the bulk specific gravity includes all the pores. Rock property measurements and analysis of selected igneous. In addition to the bottom or edge water, there will be connate water distributed through out the oil and gas zones. Estimating the intact rock strength of a rock mass by simple means robert hack1 and marco huisman1 abstract the intact rock strength of a rock mass has been determined by several different means in the context of research for slope stability assessment. If the rock is big then it should first be cut by another method put the sample on the table. Shape and dimension are properties, which return in the production properties and will not be discussed in this paragraph.
Geoscience australia and its state and territory partners have periodically made measurements of rock properties to support various investigations into the composition and structure of the earth. Chapter 5 engineering properties of soil and rock 5. One of them is the static testing where the mechanical properties of rocks are determined on the rock samples. For core analysis to provide meaningful data, due regard must be given to the ways in which rock properties can change both during the coring procedure downhole, core preservation, and subsequent laboratory treatment.
The reservoir rock contains pores and throats, creating flow path and an accumulating system for hydrocarbon and also consist of a sealing mechanism for prohibiting hydrocarbon penetration to surface layers. The intrinsic properties can be divided in color, shape, dimension, density, weathering, water absorption, and material strength. An extensive database of petrophysical measurements at high effective pressure on a variety of rock types encountered in clastic sedimentary sequences was generated to develop a petrophysical. To understand the limitations of laboratory measurements in evaluating the rock properties of bioturbated reservoirs, this study integrates field investigations, computed tomography ct scanning, image analysis, spot permeability measurements and geostatistical modeling with previously published porosity and permeability results of upper jurassic bioturbated carbonate strata in central saudi. An easily measurable property of unconsolidated sand is the grain size distribution. Shown below is a pwave velocity versus porosity crossplot for a subset of these data.
The detailed measurement and interpretation of soil and rock properties shall be consistent with the guidelines provided in fhwaif02034, evaluation of soil and rock properties, geotechnical engineering circular no. Pdf physical properties of rocks handbook of petroleum. For example, knowledge of the fluid transport properties of reservoir rocks is important for the monitoring of contaminant percolation and for oil. A manual that contains petrographic descriptions of all rocks in the north american collection is available from wards catalogue no.
Pdf laboratory measurements of rock thermal properties by a. Knowledge of the physical properties of the rock and. Nonlinear regression methods were recently proposed to. Measurements of dynamic properties of rock at elevated. The elastic properties are characterised by the static modulus, which specifies the relation between. Knowing the rock type and rock material hardness, it is possible for the experienced engineer or. The size, the number, and the continuity of the pores through an aggregate. Salt rock is a special type of sedimentary rock which has high velocity 4. Chapter 3 rock properties rock properties are the measurable properties of rocks that are a measure of its ability to store and transport fluids, ionic species, and heat. Particlesize descriptors for sedimentary and pyroclastic.
The point load test was reported as an indirect measure of. Estimating the intact rock strength of a rock mass by simple. Pdf determination of mechanical properties of rocks using simple. Thermal properties measurements in rock and concrete download pdf or print page with all sample types, it is necessary to allow the sensor needle to equilibrate with the sample and the surrounding environment. From the perspective of hydrogeology the important characteristics of rocks are how much open space they have, how well connected those open spaces are, how strong the rocks are, and how soluble they are. The classical method for measuring grain size distribution is to use a set of. A new approach to measuring rock properties data from. This is the general characteristic of many rocks, for example, schists, slates, gneisses, phyllites and other metamorphic rocks. Many studies have shown that the thermal conductiv ity of a porous rock depends mainly on the mineralogical composition, porosity of the rock, presence of fluids fill ing the pores, and ambient temperature and pressure 8. Myers, university of houston summary seismic imaging and interpretation of regions with salt structures can be challenging. Estimating the intact rock strength of a rock mass by. Thermal properties measurements in rock and concrete download pdf or print page with all sample types, it is necessary to allow the sensor needle to equilibrate. The effect of pressure and temperature on rock and fluid properties is in some reservoir formations significant, and laboratory measurements should therefore be made at, or. Core sample lab measurements of rock propertieszonge.
Rock properties provide the vital link between observed geophysical data and interpreted geology. Laboratory measurements are made on rock samples usually cut from cores obtained. Hans 1986 laboratory data set includes over 60 sandstone samples of medium to low porosity and zero to 50% clay content. The grains may be bonded together with a number of materials, the most common of which are silica, calcite, or clay. Physical properties of rocks, volume 8 1st edition. Petroleum engineering upstream petrophysics and reservoir characteristics p. Fracture surface energy and elastic solutions of interest. Rock properties also include other measurable properties that aid in exploration or development of a reservoir. Pdf measure of rock mechanical properties from scratching test.
At this site the rock properties and rock structure within a faulted region were mapped in detail. Physical properties of rocks, 2nd edition, describes the physical fundamentals of rock properties, based on typical experimental results and relevant theories and models. Measurements of electrical and acoustic properties are occasionally included in special core analysis. The wettability properties, capillary pressure, phase saturation, and relative permeability, which are dependent on interfacial forces between the solid and the water and hydrocarbon phases. The following tables from telford et al, 1976 provides a very general guide to possible chargeabilities of materials. Part of understanding matter is being able to describe it. This softwarebased analysis establishes a proper multivariate statistical relationship between elastic and petrophysical properties of interest e.
The most common approach for calculating these rock properties is to use log data, after appropriate editing for bad hole and invasion effects, as inputs to the elastic constants equations. The results from this initial log data modeling shows a clear difference in the acoustic properties within the upper and lower bakken compared to the middle bakken. Grain size distribution sieve analysis an easily measurable. Physical properties of rocks, volume 65 2nd edition. Bedded and regularly jointed rocks also display anisotropic behavior. The question also remains whether laboratory measurements are truly representative of insitu rock properties. Chemistry lies more or less in the middle, which emphasizes its importance to many branches of science. Rock properties laboratory measurements are made on core and surface samples.
Myers, university of houston summary seismic imaging and interpretation of regions with salt. Han and batzle 2004 pointed out that the matrix modulus kmatrix can vary widely depending on mineral composition, distribution of the mineral grains in the matrix, and insitu conditions. Istok abstract a data set was developed from laboratory measurements of physical and hydrologic proper ties of surface outcrop samples collected from. For this purpose a companion web site contains a selection of model based equations in excel worksheets for practical application and. If the rock is big then it should first be cut by another method. Lab measurements and well log analysis in the gulf of mexico jingjing zong, robert r. Suggested methods for determining water content, porosity. Lecture notes mechanical properties of rocks earth. It provides readers with all relevant rock properties and their interrelationships in one concise volume. Evaluation of mechanical rock properties using a schmidt hammer. An alternative approach is to take data from graphs and tables of measurements on rock forming minerals to calculate from its mineral composition mode a combined value for a rock of its thermal conductivity, as described in. Use in quantitative interpretation of sonic and seismic measurements, carbonate seismology, ibrahim palaz, kurt j. Mesini encyclopedia of life support systemseolss the reservoir life.
1013 986 1227 452 1443 379 440 721 1307 609 407 288 572 746 1282 490 87 886 604 1456 610 606 479 1266 1425 64 401 1239 1475 757 357 1091 1300 8 1273 1371 441 1336 159 313 287 749 1352 764 652